Sunday, 30 September 2012

GEGENDANG TELINGA BERLUBANG


Gegendang telinga merupakan selaput nipis yang memisahkan antara telinga luar dan telinga tengah. Ia amat penting bagi fungsi pendengaran yang normal. Ia juga penting untuk melindungi bahagian telinga tengah dengan struktur-strukturnya.

Gegendang telinga (tympanic membrane) memisahkan ruang telinga luar dan telinga tengah 


PUNCA GEGENDANG TELINGA BERLUBANG/PECAH
Gegendang telinga yang berlubang berpunca dari beberapa sebab seperti jangkitan telinga tengah (otitis media) dan trauma. Kebanyakan kes gegendang berlubang berpunca dari jangkitan telinga tengah. Jangkitan menyebabkan tekanan meningkat di dalam ruang telinga tengah dengan adanya cecair nanah. Tekanan tersebut menyebabkan gegendang telinga pecah dan cecair nanah akan mengalir keluar.
Trauma yang dimaksudkan termasuk dengan penggunaan putik kapas atau besi semasa mengorek telinga, tamparan pada bahagian telinga atau pipi, perubahan tekanan mendadak semasa aktiviti menyelam atau naik ke tempat tinggi, bunyi bising melampau seperti bunyi tembakan atau letupan mercun.

APA PESAKIT AKAN RASA?
Simptom gegendang telinga pecah adalah sakit yang teramat sangat dirasai dalam telinga atau pesakit berasa tidak selesa. Pesakit juga merasa seperti telinga sumbat dan pendengaran mungkin berkurangan. Kadangkala terdapat cecair atau darah mengalir keluar dari dalam telinga. Pesakit juga mungkin berasa pening disebabkan oleh gegendang pecah.

RAWATAN GEGENDANG TELINGA BERLUBANG/PECAH
Rawatan bagi gegendang telinga berlubang bergantung kepada puncanya. Sekiranya ia disebabkan jangkitan kuman, pesakit perlu mendapat rawatan antibiotik dan ubat titis telinga. Pakar ENT juga akan mencuci telinga tersebut dengan menggunakan alat sedut di klinik ENT. Setelah jangkitan kuman dirawati, iaitu telinga tengah sudah tidak mengeluarkan nanah, gegendang telinga berlubang dapat ditampal dengan kaedah pembedahan (myringoplasty). Ada kalanya gegendang telinga tersebut dapat pulih dan tutup dengan sendiri jika jangkitan dapat ditangani dengan segera seperti dalam kes otitis media akut (acute otitis media, AOM)

Kadangkala jangkitan telinga tengah sudah berlarutan dan melibatkan mastoid. Ini berlaku sekiranya jangkitan telinga tengah adalah kronik dan melebihi 12 minggu (otitis media kronik atau chronic otitis media, CSOM). Bila ini berlaku jangkitan kuman menjadi sukar untuk dirawat dengan kaedah antibiotik sahaja dan pesakit mungkin memerlukan pembedahan mastoid. Dengan pembedahan ini tulang mastoid yang dijangkiti kuman dapat dicuci dan dinyahkan jangkitan. Gegendang telinga yang berlubang itu ditampal sekali.

Sekiranya gegendang telinga pecah atau berlubang disebabkan oleh trauma, kebanyakan kes gegendang pecah itu dapat pulih dengan sendiri bergantung kepada saiz lubang pada gegendang telinga. Saiz lubang yang kecil kemungkinan besar dapat pulih secara semulajadi adalah tinggi, 80-90%. Tetapi penting bagi pesakit menjaga kebersihan telinga dan mengelak air masuk ke dalam telinga. Ini supaya jangkitan kuman tidak berlaku dan gegendang tersebut dapat pulih dengan eloknya.

Thursday, 20 September 2012

SEPTOPLASTY AND TURBINATE SURGERY


Septoplasty is a surgical procedure to correct a deviated or crooked nasal septum. Patients often complain of nasal block and congestion, which can disturb their sleep. They may also have symptoms of rhinitis such as runny nose, sneezing and postnasal drip. Some patients have a deviated nasal septum as a result of trauma or blow to the nose. 

Turbinate surgery refers to a procedure performed to reduce the size of the enlarged nasal turbinates, which often contribute to the nasal block and congestion. There are many methods how the ENT surgeon reduce the size of the turbinates. Regardless of the surgical method used, the turbinates may slowly increase back in size if patients do not take care of their allergies.

The ENT surgeon may put the patient on a trial of medication which include nasal sprays and antihistamine to control their allergies. If the nasal block is still not relieved or minimally relieved with medication then septoplasty and turbinate surgery should be considered. However in severely deviated nasal septum especially post trauma, medication often bring little improvement. Septoplasty can also be indicated for recurrent epistaxis.

Complications of septoplasty and turbinate surgery are uncommon however patients should be aware of the possible complications including bleeding, infection, nasal crusting, numbness and septal perforation.

General care after septoplasty and turbinate surgery

The nose may be packed after surgery and patients are warned to breathe through their mouth upon waking up from surgery. The nasal pack is usually removed the following day after surgery. Following nasal pack removal, patients should expect bloodstained nasal secretions for a few days. Patients should not blow their nose for about 10-14 days. When sneezing, patients should keep their mouth open to reduce built-up pressure in the nose.

Patients may also experience swelling and pain around the nose including numbness of the upper teeth; which usually resolve in a few weeks. 

Patients are advised to take light soft cool diet when awake after surgery. Hot food and drinks are to be avoided for a few days after surgery.

Patients should rest with their head elevated on 2-3 pillows to reduce swelling around the nose area. Patient should also avoid straining and lifting heavy objects to reduce risk of bleeding.

Medications that can thin the blood, such as Aspirin and Warfarin, should be avoided until advised by the ENT surgeon.

The ENT surgeon would often prescribe nasal douching where patients will flush the nasal cavities using saline irrigation for a few weeks. This will ensure good healing and prevent formation of dried crusts or blood clots. Patients will also be prescribed with a course antibiotic that should be completed.

Patients are also expected to take some time off until the doctor says it is safe to return back to work. Patient should refrain from smoking or exposure to smoky areas as this can impair healing and cause further irritation to the nose.

When should you see your ENT surgeon urgently?
  • Continuous bleeding despite nasal compression and ice
  • Increasing swelling over the nose and eyes 
  • Persistent high grade fever >38 Celcius
  • Severe pain or headache not relieved by the pain medication given.

Friday, 3 August 2012

HOARSENESS


Hoarseness is a symptom when there is change in the voice. The voice may become raspy, strained, unable to reach certain pitch or breathy. Hoarseness happens when there is an abnormality of the vocal cords. The vocal cords act like string instruments that come together and vibrates as we speak. During breathing the vocal cords come apart to allow air to enter the lungs.

CAUSES OF HOARSENESS

Laryngitis
The most common cause of hoarseness is laryngitis; which is inflammation of the vocal cords. It is usually temporary and related to the common cold or upper respiratory tract infection. However voice abuse during bouts of laryngitis can further strain and injure the vocal cords. If the hoarseness lasts for more than 2 weeks the patient should seek the advice of an ENT surgeon who would examine the larynx to confirm the cause. Persistent hoarseness can be an early sign of cancer.

Voice abuse
Excessive straining of the voice can also cause damage to the vocal cords. Habits of screaming, excessive use or shouting in noisy environment can also lead to hoarseness. Public speaking for prolonged periods without use of amplification is also voice abuse.
If the hoarseness happens suddenly after shouting then there is a possibility that the patient has developed vocal cord hemorrhage. This occurs when the sudden increased pressure on shouting causes a blood vessel to rupture at the surface of the vocal cord. An assessment by an ENT surgeon can determine this and treatment is strict voice rest.

Vocal cord lesions
Prolonged hoarseness of more than 2 week should be assessed by an ENT surgeon as it can be an early sign of cancer.
There are also other benign (non-cancerous) vocal cord lesions that can present with persistent hoarseness such as vocal cord polyp and nodules.

Laryngopharyngeal reflux
This is condition when there is stomach acid reflux which goes all the way up till the larynx or vocal cords. The acidic juice will cause inflammation of the vocal cords and result in hoarseness.

Smoking
Both primary and secondary smoking can cause hoarseness. Smokers also have a high risk of developing cancer of the larynx. Therefore they should not delay consulting an ENT surgeon if they develop hoarseness.

Vocal cord paralysis or palsy
Any impairment of the vocal cords movement can result in hoarseness. The vocal cords come in a pair and move synchronously to produce voice, pitch and volume. If one or both the vocal cords are unable to move then the patients will experience change in voice. Depending on the position of the vocal cords patients amy also have difficulty breathing or choking episodes on drinking fluids. Vocal cord palsy/paralysis can occur due to neurological conditions, trauma, thyroid disease and other rare causes such as muscle tension dysphonia or spasmodic dysphonia.

Treatment of hoarseness
The treatment of hoarseness depends on the underlying cause. Usually doctors would advice voice rest, taking lots of fluids, avoid smoking and spicy food. Occasionally the help of a speech therapist would be sought. The therapist is able to teach patients on proper voice usage and how to avoid voice abuse especially for professional voice users such as singers, teachers, telephonists and public speakers.
Vocal cord lesions or vocal cord paralysis often need surgical intervention.

When should patients seek ENT advice?
Since the most common cause of hoarseness is laryngitis then the initial treatment is given by the family doctor or general practitioner when patients come in for their common cold. However there are certain signs and symptoms which should prompt early referral to the ENT surgeon:

1. Persistent hoarseness of more than 2 weeks especially in smokers
2. When there is no associated upper respiratory tract infection
3. Professional voice users
4. Presence of neck swelling
5. When patients experience difficulty swallowing
6. When patients experience difficulty breathing
7. When there is cough with blood stained sputum

Voice hygiene
This term refers to maintaining the health of the vocal cords which is mainly avoiding voice abuse. These measures can be practiced:

  • Quit smoking
  • Avoid secondhand smoke
  • Drink plenty of fluids
  • Avoid caffeinated drinks and alcohol which can dehydrate the body
  • Avoid spicy and oily food
  • Try not to use the voice for too long or too loudly
  • Humidify the home
  • Use of amplification such as microphones when speaking to a crowd
Useful links:

Monday, 16 July 2012

BENGKAK LEHER (NECK LUMPS)


Gejala bengkak leher pasti akan membuat pesakit rasa gusar dan susah hati. Kebanyakan kes ia melibatkan bengkak kelenjar limfa yang berlaku apabila ada infeksi dan radang; dan ini bersifat sementara. Walaubagaimanapun ada beberapa gejala bengkak leher yang memerlukan rawatan selanjutnya dan pesakit harus peka dengan gejala-gejala lain yang merupakan tanda-tanda penyakit yang lebih serius.

Anatomi leher

Kedudukan kelenjar-kelenjar limfa di sekeling leher dan juga kelenjar air liur parotid di bahagian pipi dan kelenjar submandibular di bawah rahang.


Kelenjar limfa
Kelenjar limfa berperanan penting dalam sistem imunisasi badan. Cecair limfa mengalir dari organ dalaman manusia ke dalam system limfatik dan melalui kelenjar limfa. Sekiranya terdapat radang, infeksi, ketumbuhan atau kanser, kelenjar limfa boleh membengkak.
Selalunya radang dan infeksi merupakan penyebab utama bagi kelenjar limfa yang bengkak di bahagian leher. Contohnya seperti sakit kerongkong/tekak, tonsillitis, sakit gigi dan sebagainya. Dan kelenjar limfa yang bengkak ini akan surut apabila radang atau infeksi tersebut dirawat dengan antibiotik.
Kelenjar limfa leher yang terus membengkak melebihi tempoh 2 minggu dengan tanpa ada gejala lain berkaitan infeksi/radang sepatutnya diperiksa dengan lebih lanjut oleh doktor pakar ENT.
Sebab lain yang boleh menyebabkan kelenjar limfa leher yang bengkak adalah ketumbuhan/kanser pada bahagian dalam mulut, tekak dan hidung, tuberculosis, lymphoma (sejenis kanser sel darah) dan sebagainya.

Kelenjar air liur (Kelenjar submandibular dan parotid)
Kelenjar air liur juga boleh mengalami infeksi dan radang samada dari jangkitan bakteria atau sumbat saluran air liur disebabkan oleh batu karang. Jika begitu, pesakit akan mengadu rasa bengkak, sakit pada bahagian kelenjar dan mungkin demam. Jika terdapat batu karang selalunya kelenjar air liur tersebut akan lebih bengkak selepas makan dan surut sedikit beberapa jam kemudian.
Bengkak kelenjar air liur juga boleh disebabkan oleh ketumbuhan (tumor). Pesakit akan mengalami bengkak kelenjar air liur yang semakin membesar dan selalunya ia tidak merasa sakit. Kebanyakan ketumbuhan kelenjar air liur adalah jenis ketumbuhan ‘benign’ iaitu bukan kanser. Walaubagaimanapun sekiranya dibiarkan ia boleh berubah menjadi kanser.
Pakar ENT akan memeriksa punca sebenar bengkak kelenjar air liur. Sekiranya ia disebabkan oleh infeksi atau radang, pesakit perlu mengambil ubat antibiotik. Sekiranya ia disebabkan oleh batu karang atau ketumbuhan, pemeriksaan radiologi lanjutan seperti ‘ultrasound’ atau ‘CT scan’ perlu dijalankan sebagai persediaan untuk pembedahan.

Kelenjar tiroid
Kelenjar tiroid terletak di bahagian hadapan leher di bawah halkum (‘adam’s apple’). Kelenjar tiroid boleh membengkak ke bahagian tepi dan ke bawah. Selalunya kelenjar tiroid yang bengkak disebabkan oleh ‘multinodular goitre’ sejenis ketumbuhan yang ‘benign’. Tetapi ia juga boleh disebabkan oleh kanser tiroid seperti kanser tiroid papillary yang boleh berlaku pada mereka yang berusia muda. Oleh sebab itu mereka yang mengalami masalah bengkak kelenjar tiroid perlu pemeriksaan lanjutan oleh doktor pakar.




Cyst
Cyst merupakan bengkak yang terdiri daripada karung yang mengandungi cecair dan sel. Terdapat beberapa jenis cyst yang boleh terjadi di bahagian leher.
Thyroglossal cyst selalunya terjadi di bahagian tengah hadapan leher. Ia bergerak semasa pesakit menelan atau menjelirkan lidah. Kadangkala ia merasa sakit sekiranya berlaku infeksi di dalam cyst tersebut. Ia seeloknya dibedah kerana boleh dikaitkan dengan kejadian kanser.
Dermoid cyst juga terjadi di bahagian tengah hadapan leher tetapi ia tidak bergerak semasa pesakit menelan atau menjelirkan lidah. Ia selalunya berlaku pada kanak-kanak dan saiznya boleh membesar jika dibiarkan.
Branchial cyst pula merupakan bengkak di bahagian tepi leher dan berlaku pada pesakit remaja. Cyst ini hanya menjadi bengkak apabila berlaku infeksi dan ianya surut semula selepas infeksi tersebut reda.
Cystic higroma merupakan bengkak leher yang boleh terjadi pada bayi sejak lahir. Kadangkala saiznya menjadi sangat besar dan boleh menyukarkan pernafasan bayi tersebut. Rawatan cystic higroma selalunya melibatkan penggunaan suntikan ubat ke dalam karung (cyst) tersebut untuk mengecutkannya. Pembedahan pada cystic higroma selalunya adalah sukar kerana cystic higroma mempunyai ‘ekor-ekor’ yang meresap ke dalam tisu di sekelingnya.

Lain-lain punca bengkak leher
Kadangkala bengkak leher boleh berpunca dari bahagian lapisan kulit itu sendiri. Bengkak leher seperti ini terletak di bawah lapisan kulit dan senang dirasai dengan sentuhan jari. Bengkak dari lapisan kulit boleh terjadi disebabkan lipoma (ketumbuhan lemak), sebaceous cyst, dermoid cyst dan bisul.
Selain daripada itu, ada beberapa punca bengkak leher yang jarang berlaku. Contohnya seperti carotid body tumour, hemangioma, schwannoma, pharyngeal pouch dan sebagainya.

Bila bengkak leher perlu pemeriksaan pakar ENT
Bengkak leher yang lebih dari 2 minggu walaupun setelah mendapat rawatan doktor klinik
Saiz yang semakin membesar
Terjadi beberapa bahagian bengkak leher
Bengkak leher yang menganggu pernafasan, susah menelan atau perubahan suara
Jika bengkak tersebut mengeluarkan nanah dan sakit (abscess; bisul yang besar)
Sejarah keluarga untuk kanser





Friday, 13 July 2012

HERBAL SUPPLEMENTS AND SURGERY

Many patients are not aware of the possible adverse events that can happen during surgery if they consume herbal supplements. Patients are advised to disclose to their doctors of the types of herbal supplements they are taking prior to surgery. They are also advise to stop taking these herbal supplements about 2 weeks before surgery.

Some of these herbal supplements can cause significant bleeding, heart problems, blood pressure changes and drug interactions. This would have an effect on the possible surgical complications and surgical outcome. Therefore patients should also seek their doctor's advice if they wish to resume their herbal supplements after surgery.

LIST OF SUPPLEMENTS

Supplements that can cause bleeding
Ginkgo biloba
Ginseng
Garlic
Fish oils (Omega 3-fatty acids, doses more than 3gm/day)
Dong quai
Feverfew

Supplements that can cause cardiovascular effects
Ephedra
Garlic

Supplements that can cause drug interactions
Echinacea
Goldenseal
Licorice
St John's Wort
Kava
Valerian

Supplements that can have anaesthetic effects
Valerian
St John's Wart
Kava

Reference websites
http://plasticsurgery.about.com/od/beforesurgery/a/herbal_supp.htm
http://my.clevelandclinic.org/heart/prevention/alternative/herbals_theheart.aspx
http://my.clevelandclinic.org/heart/prevention/alternative/herbals_surgery.aspx
http://edition.cnn.com/HEALTH/library/herbal-supplements/SA00040.html
http://suite101.com/article/herbs-surgery-anesthesia-a15521