HOARSENESS

Hoarseness is a symptom when there is change in the voice. The voice may become raspy, strained, unable to reach certain pitch or breathy. Hoarseness happens when there is an abnormality of the vocal cords. The vocal cords act like string instruments that come together and vibrates as we speak. During breathing the vocal cords come apart to allow air to enter the lungs.

CAUSES OF HOARSENESS

Laryngitis

The most common cause of hoarseness is laryngitis; which is inflammation of the vocal cords. It is usually temporary and related to the common cold or upper respiratory tract infection. However voice abuse during bouts of laryngitis can further strain and injure the vocal cords. If the hoarseness lasts for more than 2 weeks the patient should seek the advice of an ENT surgeon who would examine the larynx to confirm the cause. Persistent hoarseness can be an early sign of cancer.

Voice abuse

Excessive straining of the voice can also cause damage to the vocal cords. Habits of screaming, excessive use or shouting in noisy environment can also lead to hoarseness. Public speaking for prolonged periods without use of amplification is also voice abuse.

If the hoarseness happens suddenly after shouting then there is a possibility that the patient has developed vocal cord hemorrhage. This occurs when the sudden increased pressure on shouting causes a blood vessel to rupture at the surface of the vocal cord. An assessment by an ENT surgeon can determine this and treatment is strict voice rest.

Vocal cord lesions

Prolonged hoarseness of more than 2 week should be assessed by an ENT surgeon as it can be an early sign of cancer.

There are also other benign (non-cancerous) vocal cord lesions that can present with persistent hoarseness such as vocal cord polyp and nodules.

Laryngopharyngeal reflux

This is condition when there is stomach acid reflux which goes all the way up till the larynx or vocal cords. The acidic juice will cause inflammation of the vocal cords and result in hoarseness.

Smoking

Both primary and secondary smoking can cause hoarseness. Smokers also have a high risk of developing cancer of the larynx. Therefore they should not delay consulting an ENT surgeon if they develop hoarseness.

Vocal cord paralysis or palsy

Any impairment of the vocal cords movement can result in hoarseness. The vocal cords come in a pair and move synchronously to produce voice, pitch and volume. If one or both the vocal cords are unable to move then the patients will experience change in voice. Depending on the position of the vocal cords patients amy also have difficulty breathing or choking episodes on drinking fluids. Vocal cord palsy/paralysis can occur due to neurological conditions, trauma, thyroid disease and other rare causes such as muscle tension dysphonia or spasmodic dysphonia.

Treatment of hoarseness

The treatment of hoarseness depends on the underlying cause. Usually doctors would advice voice rest, taking lots of fluids, avoid smoking and spicy food. Occasionally the help of a speech therapist would be sought. The therapist is able to teach patients on proper voice usage and how to avoid voice abuse especially for professional voice users such as singers, teachers, telephonists and public speakers.

Vocal cord lesions or vocal cord paralysis often need surgical intervention.

When should patients seek ENT advice?

Since the most common cause of hoarseness is laryngitis then the initial treatment is given by the family doctor or general practitioner when patients come in for their common cold. However there are certain signs and symptoms which should prompt early referral to the ENT surgeon:

1. Persistent hoarseness of more than 2 weeks especially in smokers

2. When there is no associated upper respiratory tract infection

3. Professional voice users

4. Presence of neck swelling

5. When patients experience difficulty swallowing

6. When patients experience difficulty breathing

7. When there is cough with blood stained sputum

Voice hygiene

This term refers to maintaining the health of the vocal cords which is mainly avoiding voice abuse. These measures can be practiced:

• Quit smoking
• Avoid secondhand smoke
• Drink plenty of fluids
• Avoid caffeinated drinks and alcohol which can dehydrate the body
• Avoid spicy and oily food
• Try not to use the voice for too long or too loudly
• Humidify the home
• Use of amplification such as microphones when speaking to a crowd

Useful links:

Guide for Voice hygiene by Marshfield Clinic

Laryngopharyngeal reflux- the chronic cough

Have you experienced an irritating cough that doesn’t get better despite cough mixtures and antibiotics? If yes, then you may be suffering from laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR); also known as ‘silent reflux’. Most patients may not have the typical symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) such as heartburn.

LPR occurs when the acid contents of the stomach is washed up (refluxed) all the way up to the throat (larynx) and even the back of the nose. It may be due to laxity of the muscle sphincter or gatekeeper between the oesophagus and stomach. The mucosal lining of the throat gets inflamed when exposed to the acid.

Symptoms of laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR)

• Chronic cough
• Frequent throat clearing
• Feeling of mucous at the back of the throat
• Hoarseness
• Foreign body sensation or feel of a ‘lump’ in the throat
• Difficulty swallowing
• Sore throat
• Difficulty breathing

Diagnosis of laryngopharyngeal reflux

Most of the time the ENT Surgeon would make a diagnosis of LPR from the medical history and throat examination with a 70 degree scope or flexible nasopharyngolaryngoscope. This will allow visualization of the larynx, showing inflammation of the vocal cord and surrounding areas.

Sometimes a double probe pH monitoring may be required. This involves inserting a small tube through the nose into the oesophagus to record the frequency and severity of the acid reflux. This would have to be worn for 24 hours. However this test is only necessary for certain cases.

Treatment of laryngopharyngeal reflux

The inflammation of the larynx due to acid reflux may take weeks to months to recover. The doctor would recommend some medication such as proton pump inhibitors, antacids, prokinetic agents.

However it is also important that the patient adhere to some lifestyle changes for better recovery and control of the reflux in the long run. Smoking habit and some food can aggravate the condition. Patients who are obese and overweight are also prone to LPR.

Most patients respond well to medication and lifestyle modification/ dietary change. Some may require prolonged treatment. Only a few patients may not respond to the above measures and require surgery; which involves wrapping around the muscle sphincter to improve its strength.

Home care measures for LPR

• Stop smoking
• Lose weight
• Avoid alcohol
• Avoid caffeinated drinks such as coffee, tea including cola fizzy drinks
• Avoid acidic fruit juices such as orange, grapefruit, tomato
• Avoid spicy and fatty foods such as curry, tomyam even tomato based sauces
• Do not wear tight fitting cloths especially at the waist
• Stop eating at least 3 hours before going to bed
• Elevate the head of the bed at least 4-6 inches
• Take the medications prescribed according to instructions. Proton pump inhibitors are taken 30 minutes before meals and most are given for twice a day.

·      

POST TONSILLECTOMY CARE

TONSILLECTOMY

Tonsillectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the tonsils which are lymphoid tissues situated at the back of the throat. It is recommended when the patient has repeated tonsillitis, enlarged tonsils, suspicion of tumour or peritonsillar abscess. The surgeon would only advise for tonsillectomy when the benefits of the procedure outweigh the possible risks and complications. Tonsillectomy is performed under general anaesthesia via trans-oral approach; that is through the mouth opening.

Typical appearance of the back of the throat three days post tonsillectomy
(Wikipedia.org)

COMPLICATIONS OF TONSILLECTOMY

Bleeding- the tonsil area has a rich blood supply and care is taken to stop any bleeding intraoperatively. The risk of bleeding after tonsillectomy is very low and usually present with blood stained saliva. On rare occasions the bleeding can be severe and have to be managed in the operating theatre. Risk of bleeding is higher when there is infection.

Infection- it is a potential risk especially in patients with inadequate food and fluid intake after tonsillectomy. Patients with infection post tonsillectomy will have symptoms of severe throat pain and bleeding. Treatment is mainly antibiotics and may require re-admission.

Injury to lip/mouth- instruments are inserted to help open up the mouth during surgery. There is a small risk of injury to lip, mouth or teeth during this procedure.

POST OP CARE

• Pain post tonsillectomy can be severe and lasts up to 2 weeks. However in children the recovery is much faster usually within 1 week. Sometimes the pain can get worse between 3 to 5 days after the surgery before it gets better. Patients are advised to take their painkiller medication regularly.
• Swallowing can be difficult after surgery because of the pain. However patients are encouraged to drink and eat as soon as they wake up after surgery. It may be easier to take cold fluids and soft food initially. Taking small sips of fluids may be easier than big swallows. Avoid taking any spicy or hot food to reduce risk of bleeding. Eating well would also lead to better and faster healing of the operated area.
• Avoid going out to public places. Patients are advised to rest at home for about 1-2 weeks. This can prevent exposure to infection.
• Small amounts of blood stained saliva can be normal in the first 2 weeks and can be stopped with ice gargles. However if bleeding is continuous and increasing in amount, do seek immediate medical attention at the hospital where the surgery was performed.

Printable patient leaflet

http://www.entheadandneckclinic.com/web_documents/leaflet_tonsillectomy1_.pdf

KANSER TEKAK

Kanser tekak lebih tepat dikenali sebagai kanser laring (larynx) dari segi istilah perubatan. Anatomi laring melibatkan kawasan peti suara yang juga berdekatan saluran pemakanan iaitu esofagus (esophagus).
Di dalam kajian National Cancer Registry tahun 2006 terdapat 1.1 kes per 100,000 populasi di Malaysia di mana kaum lelaki mencatatkan kekerapan lebih 5 kali ganda berbanding kaum wanita. Ia juga menunjukkan peningkatan kes bagi pesakit yang berumur 40 tahun ke atas dengan yang tertinggi di kalangan pesakit yang berumur 60-69 tahun.

Kawasan tekak (larynx) melibatkan khususnya organ peti suara (glottis), supraglottis dan subglottis

Gejala kanser tekak seringkali timbul sebagai perubahan suara, suara garau atau masalah menelan makanan dan minuman. Pesakit juga kadangkala berasa seperti ada 'sesuatu yang sangkut' di bahagian tekak. Perubahan suara kerapkali merupakan gejala sakit tekak biasa yang disebabkan oleh jangkitan kuman. Akan tetapi sekiranya perubahan suara itu berlarutan lebih dari 2 minggu, pesakit seharusnya mendapatkan pemeriksaan tekak yang lebih terperinci.

Gejala-gejala lain yang berkaitan kanser tekak adalah bengkak pada leher yang disebabkan oleh kelenjar limpa, batuk berdarah, sesak pernafasan atau pernafasan berbunyi terutamanya di kalangan mereka yang merokok.

PEMERIKSAAN KLINIKAL

Pesakit yang mempunyai gejala- gejala tersebut perlu diperiksa dengan lebih lanjut menggunakan peralatan endoskopi semasa sesi rawatan di dalam klinik pakar. Sekiranya pemeriksaan endoskopi menunjukkan ketumbuhan di kawasan tekak pesakit perlu menjalani pemeriksaan selanjutnya.

Ketumbuhan pada tekak boleh disebabkan oleh pelbagai penyakit seperti tuberkulosis (batuk kering), polip, granuloma selain dari kanser. Untuk mengenalpasti punca sebenar sedikit tisu perlu diambil dari ketumbuhan tersebut. Kerapkali ini melibatkan pembedahan kecil.

Pesakit juga perlu menjalani pemeriksaan CT scan (computed tomography) untuk mengetahui sejauh mana kanser tersebut telah merebak.

RISIKO KANSER TEKAK

Terdapat beberapa faktor yang merupakan risiko tinggi untuk kanser tekak:
Faktor umur- Risiko meningkat semakin pesakit berumur
Alkohol- Tabiat pengambilan alkohol atau minuman keras merupakan faktor risiko yang tinggi terutamanya jika pesakit juga mengamalkan tabiat merokok
Merokok- Perokok tegar yang bertahun-tahun lamanya mempunyai risiko yang amat tinggi
Pesakit kanser tekak di kalangan ahli keluarga terdekat terutamanya ibubapa atau adik-beradik
Human papillomavirus- Jangkitan virus ini juga meningkatkan risiko kanser tekak
Faktor lain seperti Asid reflux, pencemaran Bahan kimia, Diet yang kurang sihat

RAWATAN KANSER TEKAK

Pelan rawatan penyakit kanser perlu pertimbangan antara pesakit dan doktor pakar bedah bersama pakar onkologi. Rawatan kanser tekak yang disyorkan oleh doktor pakar bergantung kepada tahap kanser tersebut.

Sekiranya tahap penyakit kanser tekak masih di peringkat awal rawatan secara pembedahan atau radioterapi perlu dijalankan. Ketumbuhan kanser yang lebih besar terutamanya yang melibatkan kelenjar limpa perlu kedua-dua pembedahan dan radioterapi. Kadangkala kemoterapi juga diperlukan bagi tahap kanser tekak yang lebih lanjut. Pelan rawatan penyakit kanser adalah khusus bagi setiap pesakit setelah mengambil kira tahap kanser, keadaan kesihatan pesakit dan jenis sel kanser.

PERINGATAN
Peringatan yang paling penting ialah pesakit harus cepat mendapatkan pemeriksaan lanjutan sekiranya mengalami gejala-gejala di atas. Kerana pemeriksaan awal dapat mengesan ketumbuhan pada peringkat awal. Sekiranya kanser tersebut dapat dikenalpasti pada peringkat awal, sudah tentu rawatannya kurang rumit dan peratusan kebarangkalian sembuh adalah amat tinggi.

Should the tonsils be removed?

The above question is often heard during consultation at the ENT clinic. The patient goes through a rollercoaster of thoughts when their doctor suggests an operation. What more when a parent has to make the decision on behalf of their child.

What are tonsils?

Tonsils are lymphoid tissues at the back of the throat which form a part of the immune system. It grows rapidly between the ages 2 to 6 years and then slowly regress with age. However it is not unusual for tonsils to get infected resulting in a condition called tonsillitis with symptoms of severe sore throat and fever.

When is tonsillectomy advised?
Common indications include
       Recurrent or Chronic tonsillitis; more than 3-5 episodes in a year
       Enlarged tonsils causing airway obstruction or snoring
       Suspicion of tumour; ulcerated tonsils or unilateral tonsil enlargement
       Peritonsillar abscess

How is tonsillectomy performed?
The patient is given general anaesthesia and the tonsils are removed via the mouth. At times other procedures are also indicated such as adenoidectomy depending on the patient's history and ENT examination.
Complications associated with tonsillectomy is minimal. Patients are informed of pain on swallowing and advised to take soft cold diet immediately after surgery. And return to normal diet till healing is complete. This normally takes about 7-10 days. Patients are also informed about the possibility of post tonsillectomy bleeding.

Tonsillectomy is a simple operative procedure. What is more important is the correct selection of patients. The immune function is not affected after tonsillectomy as there are other lymphoid tissue in the throat area.