GEGENDANG TELINGA BERLUBANG

Gegendang telinga merupakan selaput nipis yang memisahkan antara telinga luar dan telinga tengah. Ia amat penting bagi fungsi pendengaran yang normal. Ia juga penting untuk melindungi bahagian telinga tengah dengan struktur-strukturnya.

Gegendang telinga (tympanic membrane) memisahkan ruang telinga luar dan telinga tengah 

PUNCA GEGENDANG TELINGA BERLUBANG/PECAH

Gegendang telinga yang berlubang berpunca dari beberapa sebab seperti jangkitan telinga tengah (otitis media) dan trauma. Kebanyakan kes gegendang berlubang berpunca dari jangkitan telinga tengah. Jangkitan menyebabkan tekanan meningkat di dalam ruang telinga tengah dengan adanya cecair nanah. Tekanan tersebut menyebabkan gegendang telinga pecah dan cecair nanah akan mengalir keluar.

Trauma yang dimaksudkan termasuk dengan penggunaan putik kapas atau besi semasa mengorek telinga, tamparan pada bahagian telinga atau pipi, perubahan tekanan mendadak semasa aktiviti menyelam atau naik ke tempat tinggi, bunyi bising melampau seperti bunyi tembakan atau letupan mercun.

APA PESAKIT AKAN RASA?

Simptom gegendang telinga pecah adalah sakit yang teramat sangat dirasai dalam telinga atau pesakit berasa tidak selesa. Pesakit juga merasa seperti telinga sumbat dan pendengaran mungkin berkurangan. Kadangkala terdapat cecair atau darah mengalir keluar dari dalam telinga. Pesakit juga mungkin berasa pening disebabkan oleh gegendang pecah.

RAWATAN GEGENDANG TELINGA BERLUBANG/PECAH

Rawatan bagi gegendang telinga berlubang bergantung kepada puncanya. Sekiranya ia disebabkan jangkitan kuman, pesakit perlu mendapat rawatan antibiotik dan ubat titis telinga. Pakar ENT juga akan mencuci telinga tersebut dengan menggunakan alat sedut di klinik ENT. Setelah jangkitan kuman dirawati, iaitu telinga tengah sudah tidak mengeluarkan nanah, gegendang telinga berlubang dapat ditampal dengan kaedah pembedahan (myringoplasty). Ada kalanya gegendang telinga tersebut dapat pulih dan tutup dengan sendiri jika jangkitan dapat ditangani dengan segera seperti dalam kes otitis media akut (acute otitis media, AOM)

Kadangkala jangkitan telinga tengah sudah berlarutan dan melibatkan mastoid. Ini berlaku sekiranya jangkitan telinga tengah adalah kronik dan melebihi 12 minggu (otitis media kronik atau chronic otitis media, CSOM). Bila ini berlaku jangkitan kuman menjadi sukar untuk dirawat dengan kaedah antibiotik sahaja dan pesakit mungkin memerlukan pembedahan mastoid. Dengan pembedahan ini tulang mastoid yang dijangkiti kuman dapat dicuci dan dinyahkan jangkitan. Gegendang telinga yang berlubang itu ditampal sekali.

Sekiranya gegendang telinga pecah atau berlubang disebabkan oleh trauma, kebanyakan kes gegendang pecah itu dapat pulih dengan sendiri bergantung kepada saiz lubang pada gegendang telinga. Saiz lubang yang kecil kemungkinan besar dapat pulih secara semulajadi adalah tinggi, 80-90%. Tetapi penting bagi pesakit menjaga kebersihan telinga dan mengelak air masuk ke dalam telinga. Ini supaya jangkitan kuman tidak berlaku dan gegendang tersebut dapat pulih dengan eloknya.

SEPTOPLASTY AND TURBINATE SURGERY

Septoplasty is a surgical procedure to correct a deviated or crooked nasal septum. Patients often complain of nasal block and congestion, which can disturb their sleep. They may also have symptoms of rhinitis such as runny nose, sneezing and postnasal drip. Some patients have a deviated nasal septum as a result of trauma or blow to the nose. 

Turbinate surgery refers to a procedure performed to reduce the size of the enlarged nasal turbinates, which often contribute to the nasal block and congestion. There are many methods how the ENT surgeon reduce the size of the turbinates. Regardless of the surgical method used, the turbinates may slowly increase back in size if patients do not take care of their allergies.

The ENT surgeon may put the patient on a trial of medication which include nasal sprays and antihistamine to control their allergies. If the nasal block is still not relieved or minimally relieved with medication then septoplasty and turbinate surgery should be considered. However in severely deviated nasal septum especially post trauma, medication often bring little improvement. Septoplasty can also be indicated for recurrent epistaxis.

Complications of septoplasty and turbinate surgery are uncommon however patients should be aware of the possible complications including bleeding, infection, nasal crusting, numbness and septal perforation.

General care after septoplasty and turbinate surgery

The nose may be packed after surgery and patients are warned to breathe through their mouth upon waking up from surgery. The nasal pack is usually removed the following day after surgery. Following nasal pack removal, patients should expect bloodstained nasal secretions for a few days. Patients should not blow their nose for about 10-14 days. When sneezing, patients should keep their mouth open to reduce built-up pressure in the nose.

Patients may also experience swelling and pain around the nose including numbness of the upper teeth; which usually resolve in a few weeks. 

Patients are advised to take light soft cool diet when awake after surgery. Hot food and drinks are to be avoided for a few days after surgery.

Patients should rest with their head elevated on 2-3 pillows to reduce swelling around the nose area. Patient should also avoid straining and lifting heavy objects to reduce risk of bleeding.

Medications that can thin the blood, such as Aspirin and Warfarin, should be avoided until advised by the ENT surgeon.

The ENT surgeon would often prescribe nasal douching where patients will flush the nasal cavities using saline irrigation for a few weeks. This will ensure good healing and prevent formation of dried crusts or blood clots. Patients will also be prescribed with a course antibiotic that should be completed.

Patients are also expected to take some time off until the doctor says it is safe to return back to work. Patient should refrain from smoking or exposure to smoky areas as this can impair healing and cause further irritation to the nose.

When should you see your ENT surgeon urgently?

• Continuous bleeding despite nasal compression and ice
• Increasing swelling over the nose and eyes 
• Persistent high grade fever >38 Celcius
• Severe pain or headache not relieved by the pain medication given.

Q&A on RAPI magazine Sept 2012